Debridement action

It has been established that dressings that create the type of moist wound environment that honey provides facilitate the process of autolytic debridement. The high osmotic pressure of honey draws lymph from the deeper tissues and constantly bathes the wound bed. Proteases contained in the lymph in effect contribute to the debriding activity (Molan, 2002). Malodor occurs in wounds colonized by anaerobes such as Bacteroides and Clostridium species, and Gram-negative rods such as Pseudomonas and Proteus species (Dunford et al., 2000),  Buy Bee Pollen Online

because they metabolize proteins; so they produce malodorous substances e.g. ammonia and sulphur compounds as end products. Amazingly, honey provides bacteria an alternative source of energy (glucose), producing lactic acid when metabolized (Simon et al., 2009). Buy Beeswax Polish Online

Honey has shown considerable antibacterial activity against a wide range of wound pathogens (Tan et al., 2009; Oyeleke et al., 2010), as well as against biofilms created by bacteria on wounds (Okhiria et al., 2004). A biofilm may be described as a bacterial community living within a self-produced extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) matrix that protects them from antimicrobial and phagocytic onslaught. Most interestingly, honey has been used to heal recalcitrant wounds whereby it was found to be effective in vitro against a wide range of multiresistant organisms including methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) and multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Coopet et al., 2002; George and Cutting, 2007). Furthermore, Rendel et al. (2001) demonstrated that acidification of wounds speeds healing; this being attributed to low pH increasing the amount of oxygen offload from hemoglobin in the capillaries. Actually, acidification prevents ammonia produced by bacteria metabolism from harming body tissues (Williams et al., 2009). Moreover, the other afore mentioned antibacterial factors in honey such as hydrogen peroxide, lysozyme and phenolic compounds also play a role at this instance. 

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